Says Abraham Lincoln supported an agreement that allowed slavery in New Mexico “and a law to return runaway slaves to their owners.”
U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., during a speech April 11
Over the years, PolitiFact has verified some interesting trivia about Abraham Lincoln.
A claim that wrestling was one of Lincoln’s favorite sports (he’s in the National Wrestling Hall of Fame, it turns out) was rated True. So was a claim that Lincoln once slipped out a window in an attempt to prevent a vote in the Illinois Legislature.
Now comes a more serious claim — that the Great Emancipator once supported slavery measures.
U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., made the statement in a speech April 11 to the Susan B. Anthony List, a group that seeks to elect to Congress women who oppose abortion.
The potential 2016 presidential candidate invoked Lincoln in arguing that abortion opponents should try to appeal to “the broadest audience” by working, when possible, with abortion rights supporters.
“Our forebears knew to strive for perfection, not to expect it — because mankind is flawed. Progress takes time. It takes work. And it takes common sense,” Ryan said midway through his speech.
“Take Lincoln. He hated slavery as much as anyone. But he defended a law that preserved it. He supported the Compromise of 1850, which prohibited slavery in California but allowed it in New Mexico. He even backed a law to return runaway slaves to their owners.”
Lincoln agreed to compromises, Ryan asserted, “if they brought him closer to his goal — even in just a small way. We all know what happened. After years of turmoil, he helped pass the 13th Amendment, which ended slavery for good.”
We’ll check the two specific parts of Ryan’s claim — that Lincoln supported an agreement that allowed slavery in New Mexico “and a law to return runaway slaves to their owners.”
Ryan’s position
Asked to back Ryan’s statement, his press secretary, Kevin Seifert, cited this passage from “Lincoln,” a biography by historian David Herbert Donald:
Lincoln “did not call for the elimination of slavery in all national territories; he stood pledged to the Compromise of 1850, which allowed New Mexico and Utah to tolerate or to forbid slavery. He accepted the Fugitive Slave Act, though he suggested it should be modified so that it would ‘not in its stringency, be more likely to carry a free man into slavery, than our ordinary criminal laws are to hang an innocent one.’ “
To dig further, we consulted eight Lincoln experts. They generally agreed Ryan’s statement is partially accurate but lacks key details.
New Mexico and slavery
While Ryan said Lincoln “supported” the Compromise of 1850, Lincoln was actually semi-retired from politics at the time, having left Congress a year earlier (he wasn’t elected president until 1860).
At the time of the compromise Lincoln did not express support for it, according to several experts, including Lincoln biographer Ronald C. White Jr.; Michael Burlingame, a Lincoln scholar at the University of Illinois-Springfield; and Columbia University historian Eric Foner.
As president, Lincoln did agree to a proposal that would have admitted New Mexico as a state, Lincoln biographer James McPherson said. So in that sense, he could be said to have supported the Compromise of 1850, in that New Mexico had opted to approve a slave code. On the other hand, McPherson said, no slaves were counted in New Mexico in the 1860 census, which indicates slavery had not taken hold there.
Fugitive Slave Act
Similarly, Lincoln as president held that the federal government needed to abide by the Fugitive Slave Act, mandating the return of runaway slaves, given that it was the law of the land. But, McPherson said, Lincoln wanted legislation to give alleged fugitive slaves a trial before they could be returned.
“He did feel there was no choice but to defend the legality of the Fugitive Slave Act once it became law, and even said so in his first inaugural address — but here some context is needed, too,” Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer said. “He refused to oppose so-called ‘personal liberty laws’ that were passed by Northern states to justify disobedience to the Fugitive Slave Act.
“So, in sum, Lincoln always opposed slavery,” said James Cornelius, curator at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library & Museum. “But he also held, privately and out loud, that federal law must be obeyed.”
Our rating
Ryan said Abraham Lincoln supported an agreement that allowed slavery in New Mexico “and a law to return runaway slaves to their owners.”
He goes too far. Lincoln backed an agreement that allowed New Mexico to decide whether it would allow slavery. And Lincoln held that the federal government needed to abide the return of runaway slaves, given that was the law of the land, but he didn’t support it.
Ryan’s statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details. That fits our definition for Half True.
