President Barack Obama “had the legal authority” to strike Syria without a vote from Congress.
Former Sen. Joe Lieberman, I-Conn., during a discussion Tuesday on CNN’s “Crossfire”
For people who strongly favor U.S. action against Syria, one of the questions they’re asking is why President Barack Obama hasn’t acted already.
Former Sen. Joe Lieberman, I-Conn., who supports intervention, faced that question on CNN’s “Crossfire.”
Host S.E. Cupp asked, “After two years and 100,000 people dead, two chemical attacks, (and) 2 million refugees, why is pausing yet again to dither on this conflict the smart or moral decision?”
“Well, I wish we were not pausing,” Lieberman said, adding, “I was really surprised and disappointed when he decided to toss it to Congress. He was right. He had the legal authority to do it himself.”
We wondered whether Lieberman was right. (Lieberman was traveling and did not respond.)
United States law
The Constitution and the War Powers Resolution set the terms for military engagement. In Article II, Section 2, the Constitution says the president is commander in chief of the armed forces. Then, in Article I, Section 8, it assigns the right to declare war to Congress. The last time that actually happened was at the beginning of World War II, when Franklin Roosevelt was president.
Since then, presidents have generally initiated military activities using their constitutionally granted powers as commander in chief without having an official declaration of war in support of their actions.
In 1973, Congress, frustrated with the Vietnam War, passed the War Powers Resolution, which was enacted over a veto by President Richard Nixon. The resolution required that, in the absence of a declaration of war, the president must report to Congress within 48 hours of introducing armed forces into hostilities and must terminate the use of U.S. armed forces within 60 days unless Congress permits otherwise.
No president has ever conceded that Congress can limit the president’s power as commander in chief. Even as Obama announced that he would seek a congressional resolution, he affirmed that “I have the authority to carry out this military action without specific congressional authorization.”
Presidents have danced around the War Powers Resolution. They will report military engagement to Congress but specifically omit mention of the section of the law, Section 4(a)(1), that triggers the 60-day limit. Only one president, Gerald Ford, has ever referred to that clause in a report to Congress.
There is debate over the legal weight of the War Powers Resolution and what the Constitution allows. Sen. Rand Paul, R- Ky., who appeared on “Crossfire” on Monday, seemed to invoke both against presidential authority. Paul speculated on what Obama would do if Congress voted against the use of force in Syria.
“The real question is would he even abide by our verdict, would he abide by the congressional verdict?” Paul said. “Would he obey the Constitution and say, ‘I’ve been told I don’t have authority; therefore, I can’t do it’?”
But in a case involving Bill Clinton when he was president and Kosovo, the courts have said members of Congress lack the standing to sue to get a president to comply with the War Powers Resolution. The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal, letting the decision stand.
During the Libyan conflict, Walter Dellinger — a former head of the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel and an acting solicitor general under Clinton — wrote that by regulating the principle that the president “may introduce troops into hostilities or potential hostilities without prior authorization by the Congress,” the War Powers Resolution effectively confirms that the president can act unilaterally.
Anthony Clark Arend, a professor of government and foreign service at Georgetown University, said while the Constitution trumps all other laws, “many legal scholars have concluded that the War Powers Resolution unconstitutionally restricts the president’s authority.”
Arend said the president has the authority for “quick, limited uses of force.”
Other experts we’ve asked have generally agreed. In short, even under the War Powers Resolution, the president can send in forces without approval from Congress. An unresolved legal issue is what happens if forces are kept in place for a longer period of time.
Lieberman was discussing whether Obama had the legal authority to act without Congress within the framework of U.S. law. We should note that there’s a separate question of whether the United States as a country would have legal authority to attack Syria; we addressed that question in a separate story. Here, we’re only considering Obama’s legal authority within the context of U.S. law.
Our ruling
Lieberman said the president has the authority to use force on his own when it comes to limited military strikes. There is ample precedent under many presidents to support that view. The War Powers Resolution creates a process for a president to act first and ask for permission later. Lower courts have ruled in favor of the White House in the use of force, and the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal on that point. Until the court rules otherwise, presidential prerogative is the law of the land.
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