His syntax is often broken, the meaning of his comments is sometimes unclear, and he is prone to rambling, repetition and exaggeration.
President Donald Trump's language is an annoyance to some, a balm to others. But for one group, it's something else — a professional hazard.
If native English speakers are having trouble processing Trump-speak, think of the challenges facing foreign translators and interpreters, who must grapple with the president's verbal idiosyncrasies and make them understandable in another language.
"There are several things that make an interpreter's life easy," said Christiane Abel, who teaches French translation and interpretation at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey and is on the U.S. State Department's roster of contract interpreters. "When people finish their sentences ... when the syntax is well-structured ... when the speaker starts speaking and you kind of understand where the person is going, you can kind of decode the underlying thought."
Not so with Trump. The new leader of the free world is driving translators crazy.
"He has the 'Apprentice' personality thing going on," said Alessandro Duranti, former dean of the division of social sciences in the UCLA College of Letters and Science, whose expertise includes language as a cultural practice, and political discourse. "He has a certain use of hyperbole. He actually insults people. He calls people 'dummy,' 'lowlife,' 'fraud.' He talks in a way that is not the typical political speech. When there's a choice, he goes for whatever is the most colloquial."
All of those attributes create minefields for those translating his words.
Chinese interpreters struggle with Trump's inclination toward hyperbole, according to Mandarin speakers. For example, "huge," "enormous" and "tremendous" all translate into the same word in Chinese: "da," or "big."
"Sometimes the translation is much more restrained than the original because the words he chooses are very ostentatious," said Yin Hao, a graduate student at the South China University of Technology in Guangzhou, who has made a hobby of translating comments by U.S. politicians and posting them online.
Weibo, China's version of Twitter, increasingly fills with questions about the meaning of terms like "no nothing," a reference to Trump's tweet: "I HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH RUSSIA — NO DEALS, NO LOANS, NO NOTHING!"
Trump's sarcasm can also pose a challenge for Mandarin speakers, according to Yin. A Taiwanese news agency misunderstood a tweet about the controversial phone call between Trump and Taiwan's leader after Trump's election victory, Yin said.
"Interesting how the U.S. sells Taiwan billions of dollars of military equipment but I should not accept a congratulatory call," Trump wrote.
The tone was one of sarcasm and indignation, but the Taiwanese news organization thought he was expressing regret, Yin said.
Duranti, the UCLA professor, noted that simple words and phrases such as "nice" — which Trump uses frequently as a sort of exclamation — can be difficult to translate into other languages, because "it covers a huge semantic field."
And take the phrase, "it bombed," which Trump used in a Washington Post interview to describe Arnold Schwarzenegger's low ratings when the former California governor debuted as host of "The New Celebrity Apprentice," an updated version of the TV show Trump used to host.
"It cannot be properly translated," Duranti said.
The literal translation of the word "bombed" in Russian is "bombili" or "razbomlenni," which means something has been destroyed by bombing.
David Quinto-Pozos, who directs the American Sign Language program at the University of Texas and is president of Mano a Mano, a national organization for Spanish-English-ASL interpreters, said that Trump's use of terms such as "bad dudes" ("We have some protesters who are bad dudes, they have done bad things") can cause challenges for signers.
"ASL doesn't have a sign for 'dude,' and Spanish doesn't have a good word either," Quinto-Pozos said.
"What is particularly challenging ... is sometimes you get these words that you would not expect from someone who was running for president, was president-elect and is now president."
An example is Trump's comments that surfaced in the outtakes of the television show "Access Hollywood," in which he crudely spoke about making advances on a woman without her consent and about women allowing him to grab them by the genitals (and that, of course, is a translation from more vulgar English) because of his celebrity status.
"It's a little jarring for interpreters and translators, not knowing how to find the equivalent in another language that matches the same register," Quinto-Pozos said.
It has been especially challenging for translators in the Arab world, which remains very conservative about matters of sex and anatomy. While many U.S. news outlets, including the Los Angeles Times, quoted Trump's use of the vulgar term for vagina, the Lebanese newspaper Ad Diyar translated it as "special physical area," while the Saudi broadcaster Al Arabiya went with the chaste "sensitive areas on a woman's body."
And when Trump said of then-Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly, "there was blood coming out of her eyes, blood coming out of her wherever," the Qatari news outlet Al Araby translated it as: "Blood was coming out of her eyes and from all parts of her body."
Beyond the problem of squeamishness, there is the question of register — determining the tone, decorum and feeling of what is being expressed. Simply put, some translators give Trump's words a dignity and clarity that they might not have in English, because they can't quite wrap their minds around a president who speaks the way he does.
"What we usually teach our students is that when you interpret in French you use a higher register in the language," said Abel, the Middlebury Institute professor, who said at some stage her students would be trained to practice on Trump's speeches.
"If you interpret word for word in French it's going to sound really colloquial," Abel added. For example, when rendering "good job," you're going to try to make it a bit more polished in French, such as "your performance has been excellent."
Japanese writer and translator Agness Kaku supplied more examples of this phenomenon in an essay on the LinkedIn website.
She recalled that after Gold Star mother Ghazala Khan stood beside her husband as he addressed the Democratic National Convention, Trump said: "(S)he probably, maybe she wasn't allowed to have anything to say, you tell me, but plenty of people have written that."
According to Kaku, the Japanese broadcaster NHK interpreted that as: "She likely wasn't allowed to give a statement."
"I think there is the risk of cleaning it up," Quinto-Pozos said. "Especially for a foreign market that might not expect certain language from a person in this position, it does get cleaned up."
Trump is far from the only political figure to receive such treatment. History is replete with examples of leaders whose language was sanitized by translators.
In her book "Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin," author Masha Gessen writes of an incident in which the Russian president said at a news conference in Paris that he was "inviting" Islamist terrorists to Moscow, where they would be "circumcised ... in such a way that nothing will ever grow there again."
The official interpreter, she said, "did not dare translate Putin's response in full."
Some linguistic specialists said Trump's uncensored and off-the-cuff speaking style, though attractive to his support base, could expose him to ridicule.
"He's talking in a way that makes you feel that any person in the United States, regardless of their education, background, familiarity with the language of politics and bureaucracy, can listen to him and talk to him," said Duranti of UCLA.
The problem, for those reading and listening around the globe, is that his American everyman language could get lost in translation.
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