To address its pollution problem, the island launched a major campaign last December, and it now recycles up to 86% of its rubbish – a record high in Greece.

As for that landfill, it is now closed.

Tilos’ triumph over trash puts it ahead in an inter-island race of sorts, as Greece plays catch-up to meet stringent recycling goals set by the European Union, and as institutions, companies and governments around the world adopt zero-waste policies in efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions.

Recycling can lower planet-warming emissions by reducing the need to manufacture new products with raw materials, while closing landfills slows the release of methane.

But reaching zero waste isn’t as simple as following Tilos’ lead. Each region or city generates and handles rubbish differently, said researcher Dominik Noll, who works on sustainable island transitions at Vienna’s Institute of Social Ecology.

Back at Chatzifountas’ tavern, it took only a month for him to get used to separating his trash into three bins – one for organic matter; the other for paper, plastic, aluminum and glass; and the third for everything else.

“The closing of the landfill was the right solution,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. “We need a permanent and more ecological answer.”

The island’s performance contrasts with that of Greece at large.

In 2019, the country recycled and composted only a fifth of its municipal waste, placing it 24th among 27 countries ranked by the EU’s statistics office.

That’s a far cry from EU targets to recycle or prepare for reuse 55% of municipal waste by weight by 2025 and 65% by 2035.

Greece has taken some steps against throwaway culture, such as making stores charge customers for single-use plastic bags.

And Tilos has built a reputation as a testing ground for Greece’s green ambitions, becoming the first Greek island to ban hunting in 1993 and, in 2018, becoming one of the first islands in the Mediterranean to run mainly on wind and solar power.

For its “Just Go Zero” project, the island teamed up with Polygreen, a network of companies that promote a “circular economy,” which aims to design waste and pollution out of supply chains.

Several times a week, Polygreen sends a dozen or so local workers door-to-door collecting household and business waste, which they then sort manually.

Antonis Mavropoulos, a consultant who designed Polygreen’s operation, said the “secret” to successful recycling is to maximize the waste’s market value.

“The more you separate, the more valuable the materials are,” he said, explaining that waste collected in Tilos is sold to recycling companies in Athens.

On a June morning, workers bustled around the floor of Polygreen’s recycling facility, perched next to the defunct landfill in Tilos’ arid mountains.

They swiftly separated a colorful assortment of garbage into 25 streams – from used vegetable oil, destined to become biodiesel, to cigarette butts, which are taken apart to be composted or turned into materials like sound insulation.

Organic waste is composted. But some trash, like medical masks or used napkins, cannot be recycled, so Polygreen shreds it, to be turned into solid recovered fuel for the cement industry on the mainland.

More than 100 tons of municipal solid waste have been sorted so far, said project manager Daphne Mantziou.

More than 10 Greek municipalities and some small countries have expressed interest in duplicating the project, according to Elli Panagiotopoulou, a Polygreen spokesperson.

Replicating Tilos’ success on a larger scale could prove tricky, said Noll, the sustainability researcher.

Big cities may have the money and infrastructure to efficiently handle their waste but enlisting key officials and millions of households is a tougher undertaking, he said.

“It’s simply easier to engage with people on a more personal level in a smaller-sized municipality,” said Noll.

When the island of Paros, about 124 miles northwest of Tilos, decided to clean up its act, it took on a city-sized challenge, said Zana Kontomanoli, who leads the Clean Blue Paros initiative run by Common Seas, a UK-based social enterprise.

The island’s population of about 12,000 swells during the tourist season when hundreds of thousands of visitors drive a 5,000% spike in waste, including 4.5 million plastic bottles annually.

In response, Common Seas launched an island-wide campaign in 2019 to curb the consumption of bottled water, one of a number of its anti-plastic pollution projects.

Using street banners and on-screen messages on ferries, the idea was to dispel the common but mistaken belief that the local water is non-potable.

The share of visitors who think they can’t drink the island’s tap water has since dropped from 100% to 33%, said Kontomanoli.

Another anti-waste group thinking big is the nonprofit DAFNI Network of Sustainable Greek Islands, which has been sending workers in electric vehicles to collect trash for recycling and reuse on Kythnos island since last summer.

Project manager Despina Bakogianni said this was once billed as “the largest technological innovation project ever implemented on a Greek island” – but the race to zero waste is now heating up, and already there are more ambitious plans in the works.

About this story

Sebastien Malo writes for the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

This story is republished through our partners at the Solutions Journalism Network, a nonprofit organization dedicated to rigorous reporting about social issues.)