Most patients with glioblastoma, the same brain cancer Sen. John McCain has, begin their medical treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. Many times, however, the cancer returns.

What are patients’ options after all known treatments have failed? The answer could be in one of dozens of clinical trials throughout the country looking for new ways to fight cancer.

Immunotherapy, vaccines, medications and a combination of these treatments are being studied.

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Carleigh Knight (left) and her sister, Natalie Rogovin, look at Christmas ornaments while shopping at Kudzu Antiques + Modern in Decatur on Tuesday, Nov. 25, 2025. (Natrice Miller/AJC)

Credit: Natrice Miller