Most patients with glioblastoma, the same brain cancer Sen. John McCain has, begin their medical treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. Many times, however, the cancer returns.

What are patients’ options after all known treatments have failed? The answer could be in one of dozens of clinical trials throughout the country looking for new ways to fight cancer.

Immunotherapy, vaccines, medications and a combination of these treatments are being studied.

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Julian Conley listens during opening statements in his trial at Fulton County Superior Court in Atlanta on Wednesday, Sept. 17, 2025. The 25-year-old is accused of fatally shooting 8-year-old Secoriea Turner in July 2020. (Abbey Cutrer/AJC)

Credit: abbey.cutrer@ajc.com