Jerusalem —- The Jewish people marked the 60th anniversary of their national rebirth, the founding of Israel, last week with the usual military flyovers, flag buntings and televised reminiscences of aging pioneers.

Another form of celebration is planned this week, and its sponsors believe it says something about the national character: a three-day conference of some of the best minds from around the world on some of the biggest challenges facing humankind —- and especially the Jews —- in the coming decades.

"The brain enriches the pocket, not the other way around," Shimon Peres, Israel's president and the patron of the conference, said in an interview. "We are a small land and a small people, but we can become a daring world laboratory, and that is our desire and plan."

Nearly 700 guests are expected to take part in 35 discussion groups. They include statesmen like Henry A. Kissinger, Vaclav Havel, Tony Blair and Joschka Fischer, but also Sergey Brin of Google, Terry Semel of Yahoo and media mogul Rupert Murdoch, along with President Bush and seven Jewish Nobel laureates.

Given the guest list, the topics are naturally big and ambitious, including the shift in global power from West to East (and south), nuclear proliferation and climate change. Much of the focus also will be on topics closer to home, like Islamic extremism, the rise of Iran and sovereignty in Jerusalem.

In fact, what are billed as global challenges —- terrorism, Iran —- seem to be somehow especially Jewish and Israeli ones. The organizers say this is not coincidental or unusual and point as an example to Nazi Germany dictator Adolf Hitler, who posed an enormous threat to the world but focused particularly on the Jews.

"Cataclysms always seem to affect Jews first," remarked Stuart E. Eizenstat, a senior official in the Clinton and Carter administrations, who wrote an essay that forms a basis for the conference. "Go back to the Black Plague. It was not a Jewish issue, but it had particular impact on Jews, because they were blamed for it."

Senior officials from Central Europe and Africa, including the presidents of Georgia, Poland and Burkina Faso, also will be there.

Missing from the conference will be any serious Arab representation. Arab leaders and thinkers from Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian areas have been invited, but none have confirmed, partly because simultaneously the Arab world will be marking Israel's 60th anniversary as a catastrophe known as Nakba Day, which will involve their own conferences and demonstrations. The organizers in Jerusalem are hoping a few will come.

Peres said the idea for him was to bring thoughtful Jews and non-Jews together in the perhaps idle hope of "making the Jews more worldly and making the world more Jewish."

He gave as examples Israel's innovative approach to irrigation and its strong presence in medical equipment production worldwide.

"In China, they may not know who Moses was, but they do know about our drip irrigation systems," he said.

Speaking of Israel and China in the same breath, which will occur many times at the conference, raises some complex questions and offers some staggering contrasts.

According to Eizenstat's paper, Israel has more engineers per capita than any country in the world —- 135 per 100,000. (There are 85 per 100,000 in the United States.) Even so, the total number of Israeli engineers —- nearly 100,000 —- is tiny compared with the number China is producing every single year, about 600,000.

The back work for the conference has been done by a relatively new institute known as the Jewish People Policy Planning Institute, which was the brainchild of a former Israeli journalist named Avinoam Bar-Yosef and whose chairman is Dennis Ross, the former top Middle East peace negotiator for the United States. The institute seeks to incorporate strategic planning into Jewish life here and abroad and to make sure Israel and world Jewry understand their common interests.

One significant development to be discussed here is the shift in the relationship between Israel and diaspora Jewry. For decades, Israel depending on contributions from abroad as it struggled to survive.

Today, Israel's Jewish population of 5.5 million is the world's largest, just ahead of that of the United States, which is slowly declining through low birth rate and intermarriage. Israel has, in fact, become the center of Jewish life.

"This imposes certain responsibilities on Israel as the center of Jewish culture, literature and religious thought," Eizenstat said. "Because Israel has been so focused on its security, it has not reached out enough in the past to strengthen the diaspora. Such a move also ran counter to Zionism, which foresaw all Jews moving to Israel. But that is not going to happen, and Israel is starting to understand that a weak Jewish diaspora means a weak Israel."

Bar-Yosef said for him the point of the gathering was to nurture the hope of change in Israel.