

Joey Ivansco / AJC
Norman Fletcher, who retired in 2005 after four years as chief justice, now speaks out on the problems with the death penalty in Georgia. "I believe the problem was we were unable to gather all the necessary data and didn't have the resources necessary to formulate a proper analysis," he said. |
• Is the process fixable?
• Faulty death reviews by the numbers
Georgia's highest court has mishandled a critical step in overseeing the death penalty, undermining a promise of evenhanded justice made 30 years ago, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution has found.
By law, the state Supreme Court must make sure every death sentence is in line with punishment in similar cases and throw out sentences that are disproportionately severe. Typically, the court's proportionality review cites a dozen or more comparable sentences for similar crimes.
The newspaper's analysis shows the court's reviews have been perfunctory and often inaccurate. Since 1982, 19 percent of cases cited by the court to justify death sentences had already been thrown out on appeal. Another 17 percent were reversed after the reviews cited them.
Murder charges were dropped altogether in a few of the reversed cases. In another case, Robert Lewis Wallace won a new trial and was acquitted by a second jury that heard testimony the gun fired accidentally. The state Supreme Court cited Wallace's death sentence five times after he was freed.
"That's unbelievable," Wallace's lawyer, Samuel "Chip" Atkins of Augusta, said of the Supreme Court's citations. "It just sounds like incompetence to me."
Even lawyers who specialize in capital cases — and finding new issues to litigate — have overlooked the mistakes in the court's proportionality reviews.
"Death penalty lawyers get so caught up in the most recent constitutional challenge — the hot issue of the day — sometimes they miss what's staring them right in the face," Atlanta defense lawyer Jack Martin said. "And we all just assumed that the Supreme Court was doing the right thing, wasn't being so sloppy."
Leah Ward Sears, chief justice of the Georgia Supreme Court, expressed concern over the newspaper's findings.
"No member of this court would defend a flawed proportionality review," Sears said in a statement. "As such, we have and are taking steps to improve the process on our end."
Sears declined to specify those improvements but said the court would take "a very long, hard look" at its use of overturned cases.
The court's ultimate inquiry in a death case is whether the facts of a particular crime are heinous enough to warrant execution, the chief justice said.
The court's faulty reviews cited 23 death sentences that the justices had set aside themselves or had upheld a lower court's decision to do so. In all, the reviews cited 76 overturned sentences.
The flawed reviews include some for inmates whose executions could be scheduled soon, including Jack Alderman of Chatham County, convicted of killing his wife with another man's help for the insurance proceeds.
In 1985, the state Supreme Court cited 20 similar cases to justify Alderman's death sentence. But the Journal-Constitution found 10 of them had already been overturned. Seven other cited sentences have been overturned since then.
Reviews flawed
When Georgia asked the U.S. Supreme Court to uphold its new death penalty law in 1976, the state's attorneys pledged the statute's proportionality review would weed out arbitrary and capricious sentences.
"The search for disproportionality in the sentence is meant to ensure fairness when the case is compared to other, similar cases," then-Attorney General Arthur Bolton wrote in the state's legal brief.
From 1974 through 1981, the court threw out death sentences for the nonfatal crimes of armed robbery, rape and kidnapping with bodily injury. In each case, the court ruled execution would be disproportionate to less severe sentences imposed for those crimes.
The Journal-Constitution examined 159 death penalty rulings by the state Supreme Court since 1982. Eighty percent cited at least one overturned case; in more than a third of the decisions, at least 25 percent of the cited sentences had been overturned.
Another 16 rulings contained citations that were reversed afterward. Only 14 rulings cited no reversed cases, the newspaper found.
The justices defended the practice in 2000, ruling overturned cases could be cited if the grounds for reversal did not involve a jury's consideration of the evidence.
But the Journal-Constitution found that four dozen cases cited by the court had been reversed because of major problems that could have influenced the jury's decision: evidentiary issues, prosecutorial misconduct, confusing or inadequate jury instructions by the judge, or bungling by defense attorneys.
"The court thought it was doing a decent job at it," said former Chief Justice Harold Clarke, who served on the state Supreme Court from 1979 to 1994. "But after reflecting on it, maybe we were not doing all the things that could have been done."
Norman Fletcher, who retired in 2005 after four years as chief justice, said the justices relied too much on clerks and were unaware the cases had been overturned.
"We did not do a good job on proportionality," he said. "I believe the problem was we were unable to gather all the necessary data and didn't have the resources necessary to formulate a proper analysis."
The problem peaked in 1991, the Journal-Constitution found. That year, the court upheld nine death sentences; more than a third of the "similar" sentences cited in those rulings had been overturned.
| Graphic on Hall's case |
Few cases illustrate the sloppiness of the reviews better than Dennis Charles Hall's.
The court cited 20 death sentences to justify death for Hall. But it did not note that 16 of them had been thrown out. Of those, 15 defendants were later given life sentences, including three who were later released on parole.
Some sentences had been overturned because defense lawyers had not investigated the case or presented mitigating evidence, judges gave inadequate jury instructions or prosecutors made improper comments to the jury. One death sentence was thrown out because the jury never knew that the victim, the defendant's husband, was an abusive drunk who had previously beaten his wife and knocked out her teeth.
In 1990, Hall killed his 10-year-old son during a struggle with his wife over a shotgun in Barrow County. An abusive parent whose blood-alcohol content was five times the legal threshold, Hall grew angry when Adrian would not stop playing with a remote-controlled toy tractor while Hall was watching TV.
Justice Robert Benham dissented when the court affirmed Hall's death sentence. The 20 "similar" cases, he argued, were far more aggravated than Hall's in that they involved mutilation, sexual abuse or prolonged torture.
Hall's case, while abhorrent, was "only an angry domestic confrontation ending in a fatal shooting," Benham wrote.
Hall's conviction was overturned seven years later when a judge ruled his attorney did a poor job. The jurors had never learned that the gun was defective and could have discharged accidentally. They had been told Hall had locked his family outside in 10-degree weather weeks before the killing. If Hall's lawyer had checked, he would have found it was 52 degrees that day.
Hall was re-sentenced to life in prison. But his prior death sentence, riddled with errors, would show up again.
In 2001, the Georgia Supreme Court cited Hall's initial death sentence to justify the one imposed on Cobb County child killer Virgil Presnell.
"It shows the lack of any meaningful review," said Tom Dunn, executive director of the Georgia Appellate Practice and Educational Resource Center, which handles death-row appeals.
"They're using cases that were reversed for substantive reasons to indicate another death sentence is proportional," Dunn said. "How can you use an inappropriate death sentence to do that? It doesn't make any sense."

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Comments
By Robert
May 5, 2008 1:44 PM | Link to this
Pass a law that requires all people being brought before a grand jury for a death penalty case have legal representation, whether public defender or self paid. This would allow a person to at least have representation to combat overzealous DAęs. It would make DAęs think twice before indiscriminately applying the death penalty. It would also provide the grand jury with the whole picture instead of a one sided story. All county courts are not the same, have a state oversight that reviews all death penalty cases. Why shouldnęt DAęs and Judges have a state oversight committee review death penalty cases, have they something to hide. Others have stated this would be questioning their character and is more of a local issue. If itęs a local issue then the county that convicts a later exonerated person should be the one to pay compensation to that wrongly convicted individual instead of the state. If the state is the one to pay then why shouldnęt the state be interested in reviewing convictions.
By Michael
Sep 27, 2007 6:14 PM | Link to this
DP opponents always have to deal with idiots like lz who fumble through their diatribes against the penalty. These fools consistently make arguments such as comparing accidentally running over a child with accidentally shooting a child. Driving down a road does not have a great chance that a child will be killed otherwise we would have, based on the thousands of cars, hundreds of killings per week. Pointing a shotgun at a child, hmm, maybe you shouldn't do that. If everyone walked around the daycare, Kroger and any government agency with their loaded shotguns in tow we'd have a lot more "accidents."
Years ago there was a presumption in the law that if you used a gun that you intended to murder and that was based on the inherent dangerousness of taking a gun with you to the bank robbery or the family reunion. The presumption has since been changed to an inference so use of a gun doesn't equal murder.
So put down the pipe lz and go back to your DUI cases. As for Tina, it wasn't my Georgia where murderers were paroled after 7 years, you made that up. Before the 14 year eligibility law passed (in 1994) murderers were routinely serving at least 15 years or 23 years before parole. Wives that offed their abusive husbands -- maybe they did 7. Rhetoric and lies. The both of you.
By lz
Sep 27, 2007 4:51 AM | Link to this
Tina, get off your high horse and stop acting like a victim. We can all agree that anybody who murders anyone should be punished. The issue is who really deserves to die. If a gun accidentally discharged, then it is not murder regardless if a child was killed, an 80 year old or a dog. The attorney's lack of investigation into that fact is an omission. Should we put that person to death if the shooting was accidental? What happens if you are in your car and run over a child who wanders into the road? Should we put you to death for an accident? Stop acting like a victim and start trying to be objective.
By Greg Milman
Sep 26, 2007 12:56 PM | Link to this
One more reason why the process of Capital Punishment in this Country is irreversibley broken. If I was a Supreme Court Justice I would be ashamed to show my face.
By Rick
Sep 26, 2007 10:31 AM | Link to this
It's a given that prosecutors are not going to seek the death penalty if they donęt think there is a very good chance that a jury in their county will vote unanimously for it. Thatęs why there are so few death penalty prosecutions in DeKalb County and Fulton County ę because itęs almost impossible to get a unanimous vote for death in those counties.
If the death penalty isnęt sought in some counties because, no matter how heinous the crimes, juries wonęt vote unanimously for death, I just don't see how the Supreme Court of Georgia can ever hope to achieve a meaningful proportionality analysis.
Perhaps the analysis might be meaningful if it took into account only crimes committed in a particular county. So for instance, if someone is sentenced to death in Gwinnett County, then the analysis would be confined to all other death penalty prosecutions in Gwinnett County.
As soon as the Supreme Court tries to extend the analysis beyond a particular county, it will find itself analyzing crimes and punishments originating in localities where the death penalty is never or only seldom sought. There's no way that kind of analysis will ever produce valid results. And this of course leads back to the first part of this series dealing with the "geography" of the death penalty. It's where a person commits his or her crimes that counts.
By Roy Yunker
Sep 26, 2007 10:19 AM | Link to this
You may wish to not jump so quickly to conclusions as our semi-competent local "newspaper" likes to do. Their research methods are flawed, and they would do well to include someone on staff who both knows how to Shepardize, as well as what "overturning" a case actually means. Start by actually reading Jones v. State, 243 Ga. 820, and realizing that even though Jones was not executed, the law that sentenced him to death is still valid and NOT overturned.
By Just Nasty and Mean
Sep 26, 2007 9:42 AM | Link to this
This just points out another government entity that does not do the good work the taxpayers are expecting and paying for. Our public officials are not willing or not able to do the "due-diligence" to perform their jobs efficiently. In many cases, prosecutors and DAs are not willing to go to court, but prefer to plea bargain down the charges--leaving the public to deal with recurring criminals back on the streets. How many times have we seen perpetrators who have lengthy criminal histories--walking the streets until they finally commit some heinous crime, only to come to an inept and incompetent state court system that leaves them open to get off the charges--again!
I am not smart enough to figure out how to fix this, but I can easily recognize the public and taxpayer is not being served by these incompetent morons not doing their jobs.
By Tina
Sep 26, 2007 9:29 AM | Link to this
Forget, for one moment, the overweening fixation on murderers' mitigating virtues and consider the real injustice that's being inadvertently revealed here: a system designed to serially degrade victims, minimize acts of violence, and exploit an intricate system of loopholes by any means possible in order to provide the worst felons endless chances to escape punishment while overburdening the courts until they cannot function, and other violent felons are simply not tried in the first place: the defense bar's endgame.
A father gets a shotgun because his child is making too much noise and blows away his ten-year old son, "accidently," an accident that encompassed getting the gun to threaten a defenseless child and then putting a bullet through his body. This is what the AJC presents as their strongest evidence that the death penalty review system is broken -- because, by their lights, he shouldn't have been on death row in the first place -- they evidently concur with Judge Bentham, who calls the crime "only an angry domestic confrontation."
I'll say it's broken, when it's considered a noble argument that it's a lesser crime when the child you kill is your own.
"Only an angry domestic confrontation." Nobody else is society could say the type of thing Judge Bentham says about this case without being regarded as a fool, or far worse. And that speaks volumes about the extreme injustice we've fostered by credulously buying the legal fiction that only defendants have constitutional rights that should be defended.
That legal fiction led us directly the the system we had until recently, when murderers routinely walked out of Georgia prisons after serving seven years. Now it's up to twenty, in many cases, because the public got sick of a system where judges and the parole board showed little or no concern for justice or public safety (things commonly termed "vengefulness"). Don't think the real time served for "life" won't go down again if the death penalty is eliminated. There is already a movement organizing within the anti-death penalty camp to oppose life-without-parole next.
By Carla
Sep 26, 2007 8:17 AM | Link to this
If our prosecutors are using overturned cases as a means to justify death sentences, aren't they just asking for it?? I mean I realize sometimes they need to be creative, but don't give the defense an easy out. Research is key in these types of cases. Without it, what's the use of going to trial.
By Michael
Sep 26, 2007 12:40 AM | Link to this
A similar thing happens in non-death penalty cases and in civil cases. Courts cite bizarre cases or the dicta therein as authority and lawyers just scratch their heads and rail against the Courts of Affirmance.
Fletcher blames the law clerks. Give him the needle for admitting that sloppiness and cite some slip and fall case as authority for that proposition.
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